{"id":14961,"date":"2014-05-04T16:09:58","date_gmt":"2014-05-04T21:09:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.howderfamily.com\/blog\/?p=14961"},"modified":"2022-06-26T05:18:28","modified_gmt":"2022-06-26T10:18:28","slug":"schoolcraft-daze","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.howderfamily.com\/blog\/schoolcraft-daze\/","title":{"rendered":"Schoolcraft Daze"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Now where were we before I took off for a couple of weeks on my <a href=\"\/blog\/?p=14903\">Riverboat Adventure<\/a>? I believe I was discussing Henry Rowe Schoolcraft and various places <a href=\"\/blog\/?p=14878\">named in his honor<\/a> scattered through the Upper-Midwest of the United States, principally Michigan and Minnesota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So I learned long ago that leaving things unsaid could be a risk. The 12MC audience has become increasingly adept at guessing where I&#8217;m heading. Reader comments often anticipate future topics. Sure enough, Twelve Mile Circle&#8217;s own <a href=\"\/blog\/?p=7908\">County Counter Extraordinaire<\/a>, Fritz Keppler, nailed it when he <a href=\"\/blog\/?p=14878\/#comment-5935\">said<\/a> &#8220;<em>Schoolcraft also had his hand in naming a number of counties in Michigan, drawing on a variety of sources<\/em>.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I&#8217;d observed the same trend as each new Michigan county revealed itself in <a href=\"https:\/\/everycounty.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Every County<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Schoolcraft Influence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:HenryRSchoolcraft1855.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/04\/HenryRSchoolcraft1855.jpg\" alt=\"Henry R Schoolcraft 1955. Beal Brothers, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>I&#8217;ll not talk much about the life of Schoolcraft since I discussed him in the prior article. Rather, I&#8217;ll focus on some of the placenames he coined. Schoolcraft created all sorts of pseudo-Indian neologisms by combining Native American words or phrases, often Ojibwe\/Algonquin, with classic Greek, Latin or Arabic roots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I first encountered Schoolcraft&#8217;s craft (I knew I had to work that in somewhere) in reference to Lake Itasca &#8212; the generally accepted source of the Mississippi River &#8212; quite a number of years ago. One of his traveling companions, the Rev. William T. Boutwell, told a story years after the fact about a canoe trip the two took together. Apparently Schoolcraft asked Boutwell how to say &#8220;headwaters&#8221; in various classic languages. However, Boutwell could remember only the Latin variant, veritas (truth) and caput (head).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So Schoolcraft discarded the first three letters from veritas and the last three from caput and coined Itasca. One source <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=VOstAAAAYAAJ&amp;lpg=PA331&amp;ots=5g6xnp5elM&amp;dq=itasca%20etymology&amp;pg=PA331#v=onepage&amp;q=itasca%20etymology&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">noted<\/a> &#8220;<em>It is lucky Mr. Boutwell did not think of the Greek for &#8216;head waters,&#8217; or Itasca may have been named Lake Hydrocephalus<\/em>.&#8221; Later, Schoolcraft recounted a completely concocted story tying Itasca to some Native American legend. Nonetheless the Boutwell explanation called him out on it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Counties<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ten Michigan counties reflected Schoolcraft&#8217;s neologisms. I attempted to determine their etymology although, frankly, maybe only Schoolcraft himself knew for sure. Some of the words or parts of words might have simply sounded &#8220;Indian enough&#8221; without further explanation necessary. I used <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&amp;lpg=PA47&amp;ots=ZSkDlYilrt&amp;dq=arenac%20etymology&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Native American Placenames of the United States<\/a> as a reference unless otherwise noted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alcona<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/alconacountymi.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">county<\/a> itself said the name vaguely translated to &#8220;the fine and excellent plain&#8221; combining Arabic and two different Native American words. Also the county originally had a genuine Native name, &#8220;Negwegon,&#8221; a Chippewa chief. But apparently that wasn&#8217;t good enough so Schoolcraft created his own fake name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Allegan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It may <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CityOfAllegan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">translate<\/a> roughly from &#8220;Lake of the Algonquins&#8221; although I noticed other explanations floating around the Intertubes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alpena<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/genealogytrails.com\/mich\/origin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A vaguely Native American word<\/a> akin to &#8220;a good partridge country.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Arenac<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>From &#8220;arena,&#8221; the Latin word for sand plus an Algonquian word for land. Sandy Land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Iosco<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/genealogytrails.com\/mich\/origin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Supposedly meaning<\/a> &#8220;water of light.&#8221; Schoolcraft published stories based on various Native legends. Thus, Iosco was a name he coined for one of the heroes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kalkaska<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Thought to be an Algonquin amalgamation for &#8220;burned over.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Leelanau<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>For some odd reason, Schoolcraft often named Native American women Leelinau in the stories he published. Supposedly it meant &#8220;delight of life.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lenawee<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lenawee.mi.us\/298\/Lenawee-History\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Signifying<\/a> &#8220;men&#8221; or &#8220;the people&#8221; and probably from the Shawnee &#8220;lenawai.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oscoda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The combination of <a href=\"http:\/\/genealogytrails.com\/mich\/origin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">two Ojibwa words<\/a>, ossin meaning stone and muskoda meaning prairie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tuscola<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tusco meaning warrior or Tusci meaning level land are <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ogrel7yYnvQC&amp;lpg=PA174&amp;ots=-m3SKtnpYv&amp;dq=Tusci%20tuscola&amp;pg=PA174#v=onepage&amp;q=Tusci%20tuscola&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">both possibilities.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Motivation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One wonders why Schoolcraft felt he needed to manufacture words when there were perfectly fine Native American options available. He probably thought he was performing a good deed, preserving vestiges of Native culture within familiar and palatable Old World wrappers. Certainly he felt <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=MHtITiy2nFQC&amp;lpg=PR11&amp;ots=y2lwyZE4Kr&amp;dq=schoolcraft%20neologism&amp;pg=PR12#v=onepage&amp;q=schoolcraft%20neologism&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a sense of cultural superiority<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&#8220;In 1832 he founded the Algic Society &#8212; the first use of his neologism that combined &#8220;Algonquian&#8221; and &#8220;Atlantic&#8221; &#8212; &#8216;for encouraging missionary efforts in evangelizing the north western tribes, and promoting education, agriculture, industry, peace and temperance, among them.&#8217; By this time Schoolcraft openly subscribed to the popular belief that America&#8217;s aboriginal population was in a degenerate or &#8216;fallen,&#8221; moral state, but he also insisted that the data on language and legends that he was gathering and publishing indicated the Indians&#8217; potential for salvation.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>I think that provided a succinct explanation. Schoolcraft&#8217;s sense of moral superiority &#8212; so common during that period in history &#8212; compelled him to reject Native American phrases in their undiluted form. So instead he created what he&#8217;d likely consider improvements.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Now where were we before I took off for a couple of weeks on my Riverboat Adventure? I believe I was discussing Henry Rowe Schoolcraft and various places named in his honor scattered through the Upper-Midwest of the United States, principally Michigan and Minnesota. So I learned long ago that leaving things unsaid could be [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[96,22],"tags":[3223,2037,4621,7,2019,4620,4623,4588,4622],"class_list":["post-14961","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history","category-counties","tag-algonquin","tag-indian","tag-latin","tag-michigan","tag-native-american","tag-neologism","tag-ojibwa","tag-schoolcraft","tag-shawnee"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Schoolcraft Daze - Twelve Mile Circle - An Appreciation of Unusual Places<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Schoolcraft made up pseudo-Indian words for Michigan counties, probably because he thought they were improvements\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.howderfamily.com\/blog\/schoolcraft-daze\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Schoolcraft Daze - 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